Change table columns color depending on cell value

No you don't. You want to change each row and then you want to change one or more columns within that row. The linked article is applying the style to the whole row. You need to examine each cell and apply formatting to that cell. It will be something this code which you can test in the Script Console. When you have it working to your satisfaction use it in a transform applied to the data binding - not the column or row.

value = [
  {
    "Date": "22/24/2022",
    "Time": "12 PM",
    "Coarse": "A"
  },
  {
    "Date": "22/24/2022",
    "Time": "11 AM",
    "Coarse": "A5"
  },
  {
    "Date": "22/24/2022",
    "Time": "10 AM",
    "Coarse": "A5"
  }
]

print("value input:")	# The unmodified data.
print(value)
print("--------------------------------------------------------------------")

def styleApply(val, pattern):
	import re

	if val != "":
		x = re.findall(pattern, str(val))
		if not x:
			return {"color": "--error"}
		else:
			return {"color": "--neutral-90"}
	else:
		return ""
		
def main(value):    # Main routine
	output_json = []
	for row in value:
		row_object = row           # Start with the existing row dictionary.
		print(row)

		val = row['Coarse']
		row_object['Coarse'] = {"value": val, "style": styleApply("&([A-D]|[1-5])$", val)}

#	    # Add in other columns to be modified here.

		output_json.append(row_object)
	return output_json
	
print(main(value))

Table cell formatting
The result.

Watch the indents when you paste into the Script Console. Tabs get converted sometimes.

Note also my use of Perspective Theme Colors which I highly recommend.
https://docs.inductiveautomation.com/display/DOC81/Perspective+Built-In+Themes#PerspectiveBuiltInThemes-Built-inThemeColors