I also suspect that something on your machine is preventing the chromium process from running, probably AV.
you can try adding -Dignition.client.jxBrowser.logLevel=DEBUG to the JVM Arguments in the Designer Launcher which should result in more output, however i don't know how much in this scenario as we are dependent on JxBrowser logging for this.
I would definitely look into your AV or security policies related to chromium though