In general, what is the ranking for binding efficiency for something like a template? For example, would it be something like the following? Is there a resource or topic that has addressed this (I can't seem to find it)?
Direct Binding
Indirect Binding
Expressions
Scripting
SQL Query
Also, for Perspective, where would the various transforms fall into the ranking (map, expression, script, etc.)?
That looks about right. But note that expressions can call scripts, and scripts can do just about anything, including perform SQL queries, so there's some overlap.
Without actually doing the research to back it up: Format > Map > Expression > Script, in terms of performance. Again, caveats as Phil noted, including the fact that map transforms can have expressions in the output.